Many individuals now have higher calorie diets than did those in the past; however, less physical activity and lack of exercise in daily life have led to an imbalance in the body’s energy supply and consumption. Consequently, lifestyle diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and obesity are emerging social problems [1,2]. Increasing energy metabolism is an effective method for preventing and treating lifestyle-related diseases. Therefore, there is significant interest in increasing energy metabolism through increased physical activity [3,4].

Energy consumption during physical activity is generally expressed as a function of oxygen consumption (VO₂) during exercise [5]. However, this does not describe the entire process because VO₂ also increases to promote homeostasis by reversing increased metabolic activity caused by physical activity to a stable level; this is called excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) [6].

Excess post-exercise VO₂ is active within an hour of exercise, thereby leading to the recovery of adenosine triphosphate-phosphocreatine (ATP-PCr) in muscles, re-supplementation of blood and muscle oxygen, re-distribution of ions (elevated sodium-potassium pump activity), repair of damaged tissues, normalization of elevated heart rate (HR) and body temperature, and removal of lactic acid [6,7]. The EPOC was found to account for a large part of energy consumption, and the necessity of research is emerging because of high EPOC variability among various conditions. In particular, some studies have shown that the amount of EPOC varies, depending on exercise conditions, such as exercise duration, intensity, type of exercise, central body temperature, and nutritional status [8]. Therefore, the VO₂ during exercise is relatively small compared to dietary intake, but it can still be significant if applied to include EPOC and increased metabolic rate after exercise; thus, further research on met-abolic differences according to exercise is urgently needed [9]. Exercise programs to maintain, enhance, and improve general health frequently employ energy expenditure during exercise as a physiological indication, and many kinds of training programs have been designed based on this characteristic. However there isn’t enough information available on Taekwondo Poomsae programs.

Taekwondo is a martial art that anyone can practice, and it is practiced for various purposes, including health promotion, weight loss, and confidence gain. Most Taekwondo training consists of basic movements, such as the mitt kick, Poomsae, and Gyeorugi [10]. Beginner students of Taekwondo first receive basic instruction in Poomsae, a combination of hand and foot skills, and are then organized to gradually acquire a variety of techniques, including diverse assaults and defense. The most fundamental training technique for Taekwondo is called Taekwondo Poomsae; this training is required to make sure that participants have the athletic physiological foundation of Taekwondo Poomsae to effectively achieve various training goals [11-13].

Prior studies related to Poomsae performance have occasionally reported changes in HR, oxygen intake, and lactic acid levels based on single and repeated Poomsae performances. According to one performance of Taegeuk Poomsae, although exercise intensity, energy consumption, and relative exercise intensity varied slightly depending on the research participants’ ages, in general, the average HR reached around 65-85% of maximum VO₂. One study investigating energy consumption following repeated Poomsae performance showed that the higher the number of repetitions, the higher the HR, exercise intensity, and energy consumption [14-16].

Taekwondo Poomsae, as previously stated, is an exercise that anyone can learn, and it is important to understand the physiological underpinnings that manifest when exercising. Most researchers have focused on the energy expenditure that occurs during Taegeuk Poomsae when it is performed once or repeatedly. However, because energy consumption after exercise makes up a higher share of the energy consumption during exercise, it is crucial to examine EPOC post-exercise energy consumption features; however, studies on this topic are limited. To examine the physiological basis of energy consumption during Taekwondo Taegeuk Poomsae and to obtain thorough baseline information on energy consumption during Taegeuk Poomsae, it is crucial to assess both energy consumption and EPOC during exercise. Therefore, in this study, energy consumption, according to Taekwondo Taegeuk Poomsae performance and EPOC, was compared and analyzed.

Taekwondo Poomsae involves training in basic attack and defense skills, such as kicking, punching, and blocking in a certain stride. This sport was selected as the official event of the 2006 World Championship, highlighting the value and importance of Poomsae training [10,12,13]. Taekwondo Poomsae training begins with “Taegeuk,” and is divided into eight Jangs. Each Jang progresses by adding additional offensive and defensive postures, one step apart. Taekwondo Poomsae is an exercise that people of all ages can perform, and to bring about continuous expansion and activation of the base, it is necessary to develop effective programs for promoting daily sports and health and scientific verification [11,18,19]. In this study, to verify the scientific effect of Taekwondo Poomsae for use as basic data, metabolic function and energy consumption during and after Taegeuk Poomsae performance were measured, compared, and analyzed.

Taekwondo Poomsae is divided into Taegeuk 1-8 Jangs, with increasing complexity and difficulty of movement at each stage. In this study, metabolic function (VO₂, VCO₂, and HR) increased during a single Taegeuk Poomsae performance, but there were no significant differences between the different Poomsaes. In contrast, it can be seen that the data obtained by combining metabolic function and EPOC during the performance increased significantly at Taegeuk 8 Jang compared to Taegeuk 1 Jang. Excess post-exercise VO₂ varies with exercise intensity and duration and has been reported to last up to ≥8 h [19,20]. The higher the exercise intensity, the higher the EPOC, which has been reported to be effective in reducing total body fat [21,22]. In particular, the concept of increased EPOC is used as an important data to support the maintenance or reduction of body mass while creating exercise programs that maximize energy consumption during recovery.

Energy consumption is calculated as the amount of oxygen used in physical or metabolic activities combined with the contraction and relaxation processes of the skeletal muscles used during exercise. For oxygen to be used as an energy source, breathing, circulation, nerves, and muscles must work together [21,23,24]. Excess post-exercise VO₂ can restore ATP-PCr in muscles immediately after exercise, replenish oxygen in the blood and muscles, redistribute ions, normalize elevated HR and body temperature, and remove lactic acid. Therefore, energy metabolism after exercise plays an important role in determining the amount of energy consumption [20,25,26]. In this study, the energy consumption of each Taekwondo Taegeuk Poomsae is insignificant, ranging between 1.1-2.1 kcal on average per measurement, but the EPOC used after completion added up to 14.1-25.6 kcal, indicating a 10-fold or more increase in energy consumption. This movement of Poomsae is believed to be due to significant stress on the muscles and immediate and long-term appearance of symptoms related to motor-induced muscle damage during unfamiliar activities. Jung et al. [15] reported that the average energy consumption of Taekwondo Poomsae was 3.1-6.4 kcal/min, which differed from other exercises, such as walking 5.4 ± 0.9 kcal/min [27], stair climbing 8.5 ± 0.1 kcal/min [28], fast walking 4.7-6.7 kcal/min [29], and golf 3.3-8.2 kcal/min [30]. Because most of the Taekwondo Poomsaes are completed within minutes, if calculated in minutes for one measurement, it appears at around 4 kcal/min, which can be seen as a similar number. However, there is currently no research on EPOC during Taekwondo Poomsae, which prevents direct comparisons. Considering that the EPOC consumes 10 times more energy than during exercise, Taekwondo Poomsae can be used as a basic material for public health.

As shown in a previous study by Jung et al. [14], the energy consumption of repeatedly performed Taekwondo Poomsae is similar to or greater than that of medium-intensity exercise, and when considered in combination with EPOC, more energy consumption is shown. The American College of Sports Medicine [31] states that to maximize the effect of exercise, people should perform moderate-intensity exercise for 30-60 min for ≥5 days, or 20-60 min of high-intensity exercise for ≥3 days, or concurrent moderate-intensity and high-intensity exercise for 3-5 days a week [32]. In most cases, medium to high-intensity aerobic exercises are recommended for weight loss and health promotion. When it comes to how different types of exercise affect the body, long-term mild exercise lowers blood lipids and body fat while shortterm vigorous exercise enhances cardiovascular function. Continuous moderate-intensity exercise may drop heart rate, reduce blood pressure, raise blood volume, reduce blood catecholamines, and boost thyroid hormone [5,11,20,33,34]. The results of this study showed that Taekwondo Poomsae is effective in promoting energy consumption and positively changing the metabolism of EPOC, and could therefore be used in programs to promote health. Additionally, developing and distributing programs in the order of Taegeuk 1 Jang with low intensity to Taegeuk 8 Jang gradually increased, according to various age groups. Exercise levels can be recommended as an effective exercise program.

This study has several limitations. Although the generalizability of our results is unclear, we have attempted to increase the reliability for many individuals. However, future studies with larger sample sizes are needed to investigate whether energy consumption and EPOC still increase, and controls should be used to further reduce the risk of type I error. We acknowledge that our study is limited because we did not monitor dietary intake during data collection. However, we instructed the participants to maintain a similar energy intake throughout the study, and to complete and participate 2 h before the experiment.

Overall, the energy consumption of Taekwondo Taegeuk Poomsae conducted in this study increased in Taegeuk 8 Jang rather than Taegeuk 1 Jang. In particular, there was no significant difference in one performance, but there was a significant difference in the combined results with the EPOC measured after the end of the exercise. The total energy consumption was higher in Taegeuk 4-8 Jangs than in Taegeuk 1 Jang. Given the short duration of single Taekwondo Poomsae performances, there was no variation in the amount of energy used in each chapter. However, considering the entire EPOC and the fact that the energy consumed during the exercise was approximately 10 times more than the energy consumed during the exercise, it is possible to consider strategies to enhance energy metabolism by engaging in Taekwondo Poomsae. Additionally, because energy consumption increases in the order of Taegeuk 1 to 8 Jangs, these protocols can be used as exercises for men and women of all ages. Taekwondo Poomsae is known to be an effective exercise for improving the range of joint movement and body composition, as well as mental training, and it is considered a suitable exercise to develop an individual’s body evenly because it can be performed alone in a small place. Future research suggests a regression model that predicts energy consumption based on the energy metabolism and EPOC of Taekwondo Poomsae, so that it can be easily used in exercise programs and physical activity guidelines that are effective in improving health and preventing obesity. Additionally, these data could be used to develop various programs that utilize the exercise intensity and energy consumption of Taegeuk 1-8 Jangs and to construct effective exercise programs for public health.