Prasad M al., 2019, |
To determine the angles of the head on neck, head and neck on trunk, cranio-verte- bral angle, trunk and lower limbs |
Cross-sectional, n = 200 |
JB = 6/8 |
·The Image Tool, UTCSA version 3.0, Digitizing software |
STOBE = 71. |
·Functional reach tests |
Wang HH et al., 2022, Taiwan |
Effects of habitual wearing of backpacks on lower limb kinematics and kinetics |
Observational, n = 14 |
JB = 7/8 |
·Four dynamic high-speed cameras (Motion Analysis Corporation, Santa Rosa, CA, USA) at a capture frequency of 200 Hz. |
STROBE = 78.9% |
·AMTI force plates |
Barbosa JP et al., 2019, Portugal |
To determine the effect of backpacks on the GRFs generated by children during running, walking and jumping |
Cross-sectional, n = 21 |
JB = 7/8 |
·MuscleLab, Ergotest Innovation; Porsgrunn, Norway) linked to software Ergotest MuscleLab V8.0 |
STROBE = 81.9% |
Saankaran S et al., 2021, India |
To find the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain among school-going children and its relationship with backpack weight |
Cross-sectional, n = 1316 |
JB = 5/8 |
·Structured Questionnaire |
STROBE = 57.3% |
·Modified Nordic Musculoskeletal Disorders Questionnaire |
Kedra A et al., 2020, Poland |
To investigate the prevalence of non-specif- ic low back pain and to find the association between the perception of heaviness in carrying of backpacks and non-specific low back pain in students |
Cross-sectional, n = 11,423 |
JB = 5/8 |
·Self-made questionnaire |
STROBE = 58.1% |
Paula AJ et al., 2015, Brazil |
To determine the load carried by students in primary and secondary schools in Brazil |
Cross-sectional, n = 916 |
JB = 5/8 |
·Digital scale of the Plenna Slim brand, MEA model-02510 |
STROBE = 54.2% |
Macedo RB et al., 2014, Portugal |
To investigate the degree of disability, anthropometric variables, quality of life, and backpack weight in girls and boys |
Cross-sectional n = 169 |
JB = 5/8 |
·Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire |
·Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory |
STROBE = 59.7% |
·Health related quality of life questionnaire |
·Schober test |
Natasha AA et al., 2017, Malaysia |
To find the relationship between backpack usage and the frequency of low back pain in pre-university population |
Cross-sectional n = 101 |
JB = 7/8 |
·Body Discomfort Chart |
·The Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire |
STROBE = 85.7% |
·Self-administered questionnaire |
·Numerical Daily Pain Intensity Scale |
Ismaila SO et al., 2017, Nigeria |
To find the safe limit of backpack weight that students in secondary schools should carry |
Observational n = 324 |
JB = 6/8 |
·A strain energy based model was developed and used in terms of anthropometric measurements |
STROBE = 64.9% |
·Vernier calliper |
Abaraogu OD et al., 2020, Nigeria |
Musculoskeletal disorders and their asso- ciation with backpack loading in Nigerian students |
Cross-sectional n = 404 |
JB = 6/8 |
·The Modified Standard Nordic Musculoskeletal questionnaire |
STROBE = 73.3% |
Fahim MF et al., 2018, Pakistan |
Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain due to heavy backpacks in students of Karachi |
cross-sectional n = 115 |
JB = 5/8 |
·Self-made Questionnaire |
STROBE = 56.8% |
·Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) |
Sedrez JA et al., 2014, Brazil |
To find the association between behavioural risk factors, specifically postural habits, with the presence of structural changes in the spine of students |
Cross -sectional, n = 59 |
JB = 7/8 |
·Back Pain and Body posture Evaluation |
STROBE = 79.1% |
·Instrument (BackPEI) questionnaire, |
·Matlab® 7.9 software (MATrix LABoratory L.L.C, Dubai, UAE) |
Arghavani F et al., 2014, Iran |
To Examine the connection between carrying backpacks and the prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort among children |
Cross-sectional n = 800 |
JB = 6/8 |
·Researcher made questionnaire |
STROBE = 65.2% |
Ogana S.O et al., 2017, Kenya |
To quantify the frequency of Musculoskele- tal pain associated with wearing a Backpack and related Ergonomic factors |
Cross-sectional n = 379 |
JB = 6/8 |
·Interview Based structured Questionnaire |
STROBE = 63.3% |
·Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaires (CMDQ) |
Dharmayat S et al., 2017, India |
Examination Schoolgirl’s Postures and Musculoskeletal Pain With Backpacks |
Cross-sectional n = 500 |
JB = 7/8 |
·Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), |
STROBE = 76.5% |
·Body Diagram Chart |
·New York Posture Rating Scale (NYPR) |
Hernández TL et al., 2020, Spain |
To examine the connection between carry- ing different kinds of backpacks and pain, mainly in shoulder girdle |
Cross-sectional observational Study n = 123 |
JB = 6/8 |
·Numerical Pain Scale (NPS), |
·Pressure pain threshold with analogue algometer with a calibration certificate (Wagner Instruments FDX25 ForceGage, 25 x 0.02 Lbt), |
STROBE = 68.4% |
·Weighing scale (Orbegozo PB2210) |
·NPS |
·Questionnaires for lifestyle and pain |
Santos Elisiane DS et al., 2020, Brazil |
To calculate the prevalence of Lower back Pain and its contributing variables among Brazilian schoolchildren |
Cross-sectional n = 377 |
JB = 7/8 |
·Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire |
·Researcher made Questionnaire |
STROBE = 78.01% |
·Biophotogrammetry (SAPO, Software for Postural Evaluation, version 0.69., digital scale (G Tech Glass 10, four sensors for weighing |
·Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) |
·Schober Test |
Sundas R et al., 2019, Pakistan |
To determine the association of backpack loads and wearing time with Musculoskeletal disorders inschool children |
Correlational Study n = 1104 |
JB = 5/8 |
·Self-structured questionnaire and Nordic Musculo- skeletal questionnaire |
STROBE = 54.3% |