2. Brady AO, Straight CR, Evans EM. Body composition, muscle capacity, and physical function in older adults: an integrated conceptual model. J Aging Phys Act 2014;22:441-52.
4. Janssen I, Baumgartner RN, Ross R, Rosenberg IH, Roubenoff R. Skeletal muscle cutpoints associated with elevated physical disability risk in older men and women. Am J Epidemiol 2004;159:413-21.
6. Volpi E, Campbell WW, Dwyer JT, Johnson MA, Jensen GL, Morley JE, Wolfe RR. Is the optimal level of protein intake for older adults greater than the recommended dietary allowance? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013;68:677-81.
7. Nair KS. Aging muscle. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:953-63.
8. Ahtiainen JP, Walker S, Peltonen H, Holviala J, Sillanpaa E, Karavirta L, Sallinen J, Mikkola J, Valkeinen H, Mero A, Hulmi JJ, Hakkinen K. Heterogeneity in resistance training-induced muscle strength and mass responses in men and women of different ages. Age (Dordr) 2016;38:10.
9. Prevett C, Moncion K, Phillips SM, Richardson J, Tang A. Role of resistance training in mitigating risk for mobility disability in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2022;103:2023-35.
13. Dent E, Morley JE, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Arai H, Kritchevsky SB, Guralnik J, Bauer JM, Pahor M, Clark BC, Cesari M, Ruiz J, Sieber CC, Aubertin-Leheudre M, Waters DL, Visvanathan R, Landi F, Villareal DT, Fielding R, Won CW, Theou O, Martin FC, Dong B, Woo J, Flicker L, Ferrucci L, Merchant RA, Cao L, Cederholm T, Ribeiro SML, Rodríguez-Mañas L, Anker SD, Lundy J, Gutiérrez Robledo LM, Bautmans I, Aprahamian I, Schols JMGA, Izquierdo M, Vellas B. International clinical practice guidelines for sarcopenia (ICFSR): screening, diagnosis and management. J Nutr Health Aging 2018;22:1148-61.
14. Kim JY, Lee CH, Park KH, Lee JH. Effect of Protein supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage. Korean J Sport Sci 2010;21:1298-314.
17. Morton RW, Murphy KT, McKellar SR, Schoenfeld BJ, Henselmans M, Helms E, Aragon AA, Devries MC, Banfield L, Krieger JW, Phillips SM. A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults. Br J Sports Med 2018;52:376-84.
19. Thomas DK, Quinn MA, Saunders DH, Greig CA. Protein supplementation does not significantly augment the effects of resistance exercise training in older adults: a systematic review. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2016;17:959.e1-9.
20. Gallagher D, Visser M, De Meersman RE, Sepulveda D, Pierson RN, Pierson RN, Harris T, Heymsfield SB. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: effects of age, gender, and ethnicity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1997;83:229-39.
21. Tipton KD. Gender differences in protein metabolism. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2001;4:493-8.
23. Hunter SK. Sex differences in fatigability of dynamic contractions. Exp Physiol 2016;101:250-5.
24. Flores DF, Gentil P, Brown LE, Pinto RS, Carregaro RL, Bottaro M. Dissociated time course of recovery between genders after resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2011;25:3039-44.
26. Doherty TJ. Invited review: aging and sarcopenia. J Appl Physiol 2003;95:1717-27.
27. Nelson ME, Fiatarone MA, Morganti CM, Greenberg RA, Evans WJ. Effects of high-intensity strength training on multiple risk factors for osteoporotic fractures: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1994;272:1909-14.
28. Gordon BA, Benson AC, Bird SR, Fraser SF. Resistance training improves metabolic health in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009;83:157-75.
30. Reid KF, Pasha E, Doros G, Clark DJ, Patten C, Phillips EM, Frontera WR, Fielding RA. Longitudinal decline of lower extremity muscle power in healthy and mobility-limited older adults: influence of muscle mass, strength, composition, neuromuscular activation and single fiber contractile properties. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014;114:29-39.
31. Devries MC, Phillips SM. Supplemental protein in support of muscle mass and health: advantage whey. J Food Sci 2015;80:A8-15.
32. Miller PE, Alexander DD, Perez V. Effects of whey protein and resistance exercise on body composition: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Nutr 2014;33:163-75.
37. Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Wang ZM, Ross R. Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18-88 yr. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2000;89:81-8.
38. Alway SE, Grumbt WH, Gonyea WJ, Stray-Gundersen J. Contrasts in muscle and myofibers of elite male and female bodybuilders. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1989;67:24-31.
40. Maltais ML, Ladouceur JP, Dionne IJ. The effect of resistance training and different sources of post exercise protein supplementation on muscle mass and physical capacity in sarcopenic elderly men. J Strength Cond Res 2016;30:1680-7.
44. Nabuco HCG, Tomeleri CM, Fernandes RR, Sugihara Junior P, Cavalcante EF, Cunha PM, Antunes M, Nunes JP, Venturini D, Barbosa DS, Burini RC, Silva AM, Sardinha LB, Cyrino ES. Effect of whey protein supplementation combined with resistance training on body composition, muscular strength, functional capacity, and plasma-metabolism biomarkers in older women with sarcopenic obesity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2019;32:88-95.
46. Sugihara Junior P, Ribeiro AS, Nabuco HCG, Fernandes RR, Tomeleri CM, Cunha PM, Venturini D, Barbosa DS, Schoenfeld BJ, Cyrino ES. Effects of whey protein supplementation associated with resistance training on muscular strength, hypertrophy, and muscle quality in preconditioned older women. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018;28:528-35.
48. Nabuco HCG, Tomeleri CM, Sugihara Junior P, Fernandes RR, Cavalcante EF, Antunes M, Ribeiro AS, Teixeira DC, Silva AM, Sardinha LB, Cyrino ES. Effects of whey protein supplementation pre- or post-resistance training on muscle mass, muscular strength, and functional capacity in pre-conditioned older women: a randomized clinical trial. Nutrients 2018;10:563.
51. Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, Niskanen LK, Kumpusalo E, Tuomilehto J, Salonen JT. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA 2002;288:2709-16.
52. Larsson L, Degens H, Li M, Salviati L, Lee Y, Thompson W, Kirkland JL, Sandri M. Sarcopenia: aging-related loss of muscle mass and function. Physiol Rev 2019;99:427-511.
53. Kraemer WJ, Volek JS, Bush JA, Putukian M, Sebastianelli WJ. Hormonal responses to consecutive days of heavy-resistance exercise with or without nutritional supplementation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1998;85:1544-55.
54. Cribb PJ, Hayes A. Effects of supplement timing and resistance exercise on skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006;38:1918-25.
55. Tieland M, Dirks ML, van der Zwaluw N, Verdijk LB, van de Rest O, de Groot LC, van Loon LJ. Protein supplementation increases muscle mass gain during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in frail elderly people: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2012;13:713-9.
56. Cermak NM, Res PT, de Groot LC, Saris WH, van Loon LJ. Protein supplementation augments the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance-type exercise training: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96:1454-64.
59. Janssen I, Shepard DS, Katzmarzyk PT, Roubenoff R. The healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United States. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:80-5.
60. Nascimento CM, Ingles M, Salvador-Pascual A, Cominetti MR, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Viña J. Sarcopenia, frailty and their prevention by exercise. Free Radic Biol Med 2019;132:42-9.
61. Saeki C, Takano K, Oikawa T, Aoki Y, Kanai T, Takakura K, Nakano M, Torisu Y, Sasaki N, Abo M, Matsuura T, Tsubota A, Saruta M. Comparative assessment of sarcopenia using the JSH, AWGS, and EWGSOP2 criteria and the relationship between sarcopenia, osteoporosis, and osteo sarcopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2019;20:615.
63. Gates AT, Mertz KH, Bloch-Ibenfeldt M, Garde E, Baekgaard M, Svensson RB, Kjaer M. Different training responses in elderly men and women following a prolonged muscle resistance training intervention. Transl Sports Med 2021;4:892-9.
64. Vikberg S, Sorlen N, Branden L, Johansson J, Nordstrom A, Hult A, Nordstrom P. Effects of resistance training on functional strength and muscle mass in 70-year-old individuals with pre-sarcopenia: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2019;20:28-34.
65. Fokkenrood HJP, Bendermacher BLW, Lauret GJ, Willigendael EM, Prins MH, Teijink JAW. Supervised exercise therapy versus non-supervised exercise therapy for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;8:CD005263.
66. Häkkinen K, Kallinen M, Izquierdo M, Jokelainen K, Lassila H, Mälkiä E, Kraemer WJ, Newton RU, Alen M. Changes in agonist-antagonist EMG, muscle CSA, and force during strength training in middle-aged and older people. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1998;84:1341-9.
67. Montero-Fernández N, Serra-Rexach JA. Role of exercise on sarcopenia in the elderly. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2013;49:131-43.
68. Daly RM, O’Connell SL, Mundell NL, Grimes CA, Dunstan DW, Nowson CA. Protein enriched diet, with the use of lean red meat, combined with progressive resistance training enhances lean tissue mass and muscle strength and reduces circulating IL-6 concentrations in elderly women: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2014;99:899-910.
70. Kim H, Suzuki T, Saito K, Yoshida H, Kojima N, Kim M, Kim MJ, Sudo M, Yamashiro Y, Tokimitsu I. Effects of exercise and tea catechins on muscle mass, strength and walking ability in community-dwelling elderly Japanese sarcopenic women: a randomized controlled trial. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2013;13:458-65.
71. Paddon-Jones D, Short KR, Campbell WW, Volpi E, Wolfe RR. Role of dietary protein in the sarcopenia of aging. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87:1562-6.
73. Bjorkman MP, Suominen MH, Kautiainen H, Jyvakorpi SK, Finne-Soveri HU, Strandberg TE, Pitkala KH, Tilvis RS. Effect of protein supplementation on physical performance in older people with sarcopenia-a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2020;21:226-32.
74. Dulac MC, Pion CH, Lemieux FC, Carvalho LP, Boutros GEH, Bélanger M, Gaudreau P, Chevalier S, Morais JA, Noirez P, Gouspillou G, Aubertin-Leheudre M. Effects of slow- v. fast-digested protein supplementation combined with mixed power training on muscle function and functional capacities in older men. Br J Nutr 2021;125:1017-33.
77. Ivey FM, Tracy BL, Lemmer JT, Ness Aiver M, Metter EJ, Fozard JL, Hurley BF. Effects of strength training and detraining on muscle quality: age and gender comparisons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2000;55:B152-7.
78. Frontera WR, Meredith CN, O’Reilly KP, Knuttgen HG, Evans WJ. Strength conditioning in older men: skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improved function. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1988;64:1038-44.
79. Charette SL, McEvoy L, Pyka G, Snow-Harter C, Guido D, Wiswell RA, Marcus R. Muscle hypertrophy response to resistance training in older women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1991;70:1912-6.
80. Taaffe DR, Pruitt L, Pyka G, Guido D, Marcus R. Comparative effects of high- and low-intensity resistance training on thigh muscle strength, fiber area, and tissue composition in elderly women. Clin Physiol 1996;16:381-92.
81. Yarasheski KE. Exercise, aging, and muscle protein metabolism. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003;58:M918-22.
82. Bamman MM, Shipp JR, Jiang J, Gower BA, Goodman A, Goodman A, McLafferty Jr CL, Urban RJ. Mechanical load increases muscle IGF-I and androgen receptor mRNA concentrations in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001;280:E383-90.
83. Lowe DA, Lund T, Alway SE. Hypertrophy-stimulated myogenic regulatory factor mRNA increases are attenuated in fast muscle of aged quails. Am J Physiol 1998;275:C155-62.
84. Marsh DR, Criswell DS, Carson JA, Booth FW. Myogenic regulatory factors during regeneration of skeletal muscle in young, adult, and old rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1997;83:1270-5.
85. Cheng R, Maloney A, Moran J, Newman TH, Gardner EC. Resistance training as treatment for sarcopenia: examining sex-related differences in physiology and response. Clin Ther 2022;44:33-40.
87. Yang Y, Breen L, Burd NA, Hector AJ, Churchward-Venne TA, Josse AR, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM. Resistance exercise enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis with graded intakes of whey protein in older men. Br J Nutr 2012;108:1780-8.
89. Witard OC, Tieland M, Beelen M, Tipton KD, van Loon LJ, Koopman R. Resistance exercise increases postprandial muscle protein synthesis in humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009;41:144:54.
91. Mascher H, Tannerstedt J, Brink-Elfegoun T, Ekblom B, Gustafsson T, Blomstrand E. Repeated resistance exercise training induces different changes in mRNA expression of MAFbx and MuRF-1 in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008;294:E43-51.
92. Mitchell WK, Phillips BE, Williams JP, Rankin D, Lund JN, Wilkinson DJ, Smith K, Atherton PJ. The impact of delivery profile of essential amino acids upon skeletal muscle protein synthesis in older men: clinical efficacy of pulse vs. bolus supply. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015;309:E450-7.
93. Moberg M, Apró W, Ekblom B, Hall GV, Holmberg HC, Blomstrand E. Activation of mTORC1 by leucine is potentiated by branched-chain amino acids and even more so by essential amino acids following resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016;310:C874-84.
94. Takegaki J, Sase K, Yasuda J, Shindo D, Kato H, Toyoda S, Yamada T, Shinohara Y, Fujita S. The effect of leucine-enriched essential amino acid supplementation on anabolic and catabolic signaling in human skeletal muscle after acute resistance exercise: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group comparison trial. Nutrients 2020;12:2421.